Kazan Volga State University. Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University. Institute of Psychology and Education

Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University is one of eight Russian federal universities. The oldest university in Russia, after Moscow. It is an object of cultural heritage of R.F.

From the moment of its formation by Alexander I in 1804 until the revolution of 1917, it was called the "Imperial Kazan University". The building of the First Imperial Gymnasium was transformed into a university, and the street was called Pokrovskaya. The building was built in 1789, designed by the architect F. Emelyanov, the customer was the landowner Molostov. IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin.

Decree of the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev in 2009, on the basis of the university, the main university of the Volga Federal District - "Privolzhsky Federal University" was created. As a result of the protests of students and teachers related to the renaming of the university, the presidents of Russia and Tatarstan decided to keep the historical name "Kazan University". In 2010, the Chairman of the Government of Russia issued an order to assign the official name to the university - Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University.

The main educational buildings of the university are located on the campus in the center of Kazan. The university accepted its first students in February 1805. In 1814, the university had 4 departments of physical and mathematical sciences, medical sciences, verbal sciences and moral and political sciences.

In 1825 the main university building was rebuilt. By 1830, the university had the buildings of a library, an anatomical theater, a chemical laboratory, an astronomical observatory, a clinic, etc. The university became one of the centers of education and science in Russia.

The names of many famous scientists who taught or studied at the university are associated with the university: astronomer Simonov, the founder of non-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky, K. Klaus, who discovered ruthenium, Butlerov, Gromeka, Zavoisky, Altshuler and many other scientists known in their fields.

Among the university students were: L.N. Tolstoy, Melnikov-Pechersky, V.I. Ulyanov, A.I. Rykov, M.A. Balakirev, S. Aksakov, V. Khlebnikov, G. Derzhavin, V. Panaev, I. Shishkin, A. Arbuzov and others.

At present, Kazan Federal University is a multidisciplinary university of the classical type. It trains specialists of different specialties for various fields of activity. It includes 15 faculties. The university includes research institutes, laboratories, two astronomical observatories, a publishing house, and an information technology center. Scientific Library. Lobachevsky has rich funds. Its funds included the collections of Grigory Potemkin and Vasily Polyansky. It contains the most valuable manuscripts, manuscripts and ancient books. It has about five million books and eleven reading rooms. K(P)FU has extensive international connections with more than 40 universities around the world.

Someone: Good evening. I want to ask for advice. I do not know what to do and where to turn, how to draw attention to this problem. The fact is that a complete mess is going on in the new institute at KFU (Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology). Many students are expelled right and left. When entering the first year, there were 4 groups of dentists, each group had 28-30 people, and 8 groups of the medical faculty of 25 people. after the first course, after the autumn additional session, due to the fact that many could not pass the test in anatomy, many were expelled. There are 3 groups of dentists left, a maximum of 16 people in a group, and 5 groups of doctors. and I still do not know how many expelled among cybernetics and biochemists. The attitude of teachers towards students is absolutely terrible. When passing modules, tests and exams, if the teacher did not like you, then consider that you did not pass. They come to couples at the beginning, arrange independent work, leave to analyze the material on their own and leave, come 5 minutes before the end, ask if there are any questions (BUT! At the same time, when you ask something, they answer that you need to read carefully, and in the textbook everything is written). Naturally, when your questions are answered in this way, the desire to ask anything disappears. The teachers themselves do not explain anything, they all say at once that we students should study everything ourselves. And this after all in MEDICAL! I believe that teachers should convey their experience through explanations, show how and how important this profession is, awaken in the student the desire and love for this profession, and not beat it all away from the student, since he still chose teaching at a medical university. There is no stable textbook on subjects, especially on histology and anatomy. There are no textbooks for the medical faculty in the library. Have to buy. Every teacher has different preferences in textbooks. and naturally, many types of textbooks, and different information in them. it’s especially difficult at exams when you say that you studied using one textbook, and they shout back “your problems, you should have used a different textbook”. It turns out that we need to buy several textbooks for only one subject? The question then is where our money goes, but we don’t have state-funded places and everyone pays from 110,000 and more. If you calculate how much money they receive only at the expense of one course, then a very huge amount is obtained. They know how to rip off money, but they don’t teach properly! !! if you do not pay for your studies by a certain date, they are threatened with expulsion. In terms of passing exams, tests and modules, compared to other universities, the difference in attempts given for passing is huge. After the introduction of the new training system, we were left with a very small number of attempts. At the same time, they ask very harshly, even though they themselves do not explain anything. Now the winter session is underway, there are already very few of us left, and everyone continues to expel us and expel us for not passing this or that exam. It's a shame for the guys who had very high scores upon admission, but were expelled the other day. I know how they prepared, how they taught everything. but, alas, they were overwhelmed.. At the video conference, the director of the IFMiBa said: "We want to produce only very good specialists, so we weed out the weak." I agreed with this until I found out how my classmate was able to complete the test in histology. on the admission list, he had the lowest USE score. And judging by his attitude to studies, I can say with confidence that 70 percent of all students (those who dropped out and those who still cannot complete the test in histology) know more than he does! so the question now is whether they really want to produce "good" specialists? many students want to transfer to other universities, BUT! because IFMiBa is not accredited (and transfer to the same course in which he studied is carried out only from an accredited university to an accredited one) greatly complicates the task. You can go to another university only after losing years of study and so much money, i.e. start learning only from the first course. Upon admission, no one was informed about the accreditation of IFMiBa. What do we do?? Help me please!!!

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Why was it decided to open a new university in Kazan? The fact is that in 1758 the Kazan gymnasium appeared. She was under the jurisdiction of Moscow University, which supplied her with teachers and educational materials. Employees were paid salaries from the amounts received from customs tax farmers. At the opening of the gymnasium, there were few students, but a year later their number grew to 111. And when, a few decades later, there was talk of creating a new university in the country, the authorities decided to open it on the basis of this successful, progressive gymnasium.

The first students of the university were 33 young people. The trustee of the Kazan Gymnasium, Rumovsky, selected the best pupils. They ranged in age from thirteen to twenty. Most of the nobles, the rest - raznochintsy.

Young people listened to lectures by specially invited professors. Almost all of the lecturers were foreigners, mostly Germans, who at that time were often invited to lecture at Russian educational institutions. The first ten years, from the moment the university was opened and until 1814, when the adopted Charter was put into effect, education was not at the highest level. Courses were haphazard, lectures were inconsistent. Students were not divided into different faculties. Sometimes there was not enough educational literature or manuals.

But in 1814 the situation changed. The university received real autonomy, teaching became planned, division into faculties appeared. At first there were only four of them, and they consisted of twenty-eight different departments: the department of moral and political sciences, which was later transformed into the faculty of law, the faculty of mathematical and physical sciences, the department of medicine and verbal sciences. And just at that heyday, trouble came to the university. In 1819, Mikhail Magnitsky, an official of the Ministry of Education, a favorite of Arakcheev, arrived in Kazan with a revision, endowed with broad powers and the rights of a trustee. The purpose of this audit was not an economic investigation or the discovery of irregularities.

Magnitsky issued a murderous resolution. In a report to the emperor, he proposed solemnly destroying the university and even publicly destroying its building itself (for the purchase of which, by the way, in 1804 the emperor allocated 66 thousand rubles). The emperor replied: “Why destroy, you can fix it” and appointed Magnitsky as rector, so that he himself would eradicate all the identified shortcomings. During the five years of his leadership, Kazan University fell into complete decline. In 1826, a new revision was appointed, which revealed not only a drop in the level of university education, but also a big waste. Based on the results of these inspections, Magnitsky was removed from his post.

The next rector was Mikhail Nikolaevich Musin-Pushkin, who sincerely loved the university and did a lot for its development, and a year later he was replaced by Lobachevsky, whose role in the history of Kazan University cannot be overestimated. The great scientist managed to expand the building of the university, add new buildings, and improve the quality of education. Under him, clinics of the medical faculty, chemical and physical laboratories, an observatory appeared, and all this was equipped with the latest modern technology. Since 1835, the department of Oriental languages ​​worked at the university, where Sanskrit and Chinese, Arabic and Mongolian were taught. Before the transfer of the Oriental Faculty to St. Petersburg University, it was the best in Russia and one of the best in the world.

Scientific work expanded at the university, a midwifery institute and a botanical garden, a printing house and several libraries were opened, and collections of antiquities and works of art were also collected. The university made Kazan one of the main scientific centers, and itself became a nest of advanced ideas. The best forces, the brightest scientific minds flocked to it. He grew his prestige in the country and in the world. The Soviet period became the era of further prosperity and development of the university. Outstanding scientists who worked in it laid the foundations of many scientific schools. Also, on the basis of Kazan University, several Volga universities arose. During the Great Patriotic War, some Leningrad and Moscow institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences were evacuated here.

Now Kazan (Volga Region) University is one of eight federal universities in Russia, included in the State Code of Especially Valuable Objects of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation. It has many faculties and institutes, it has branches in other cities, and thousands of students are educated there every year.

The first psychophysical laboratory in Russia was opened in Kazan in 1885. It was led by Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a scientist who laid the foundations of Russian experimental psychology.

It was within the walls of Kazan University that the Russian doctor and military surgeon Alexander Vasilievich Vishnevsky developed the method of local anesthesia and described it in his work “Local anesthesia using the creeping illfiltrate method”. Before the discovery of general anesthesia, this method was the main method of pain relief during surgical operations. It is widely used not only in our country, but also in the world.

Russian astronomer Ivan Mikhailovich Simonov, one of the first graduates of Kazan University, took part in the round-the-world expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, who discovered Antarctica. He left a detailed description of this research trip.

The outstanding chemist Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov, who proved the theory of the chemical structure of substances, was a graduate of the university, its professor, and later the rector.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin entered the Faculty of Law, from where he was expelled three months later for participating in student protests and riots caused by the introduction of the new Charter. Even within the walls of Kazan University, Lenin joined the People's Will circle.

Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University is one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia, which turns 215 in 2019.

The university trains top-level specialists both for the Volga region and for the whole of Russia, as well as countries of near and far abroad. Students have the opportunity to take part in exchange programs, language internships, and various forms of academic mobility.

KFU is the most powerful modern complex of 614 facilities located in Tatarstan, regions of Russia and abroad. Thanks to this, students and staff of the university are provided with all the conditions and opportunities for development.

The educational process is conducted in 13 institutes, 1 higher school and 1 faculty. Over the past 6 years, the university annually equips more than 100 educational and about 30 research laboratories with equipment at the level of the best world standards.

KFU has a developed system of stimulation and support for students. For this, 17 different types of scholarships have been developed - increased, social and many special ones.

The university includes a multidisciplinary medical complex, where KFU students are accepted. The university also has one of the largest student campuses in Russia - the Universiade Village, where 12 thousand students live.

Since 2013, KFU has been a member of the 5-100 federal program aimed at increasing international competitiveness and getting into the top 100 world university rankings. KFU is included in QS subject rankings in linguistics, archeology, journalism, English language and literature, education, economics, mathematics, physics, and chemistry.

Kazan State University (KSU) traces its history back to 1804. Truly one of the oldest and most beautiful universities in Russia. The founding date is November 5 (17 according to the new style), 1804, when Emperor Alexander I signed the Letter of Approval and the Charter of the Kazan Imperial University. It is located in the very center of Kazan, so I think it’s definitely worth seeing, being a tourist or a guest of the city, the imperial alma mater. Moreover, it is located not far from the Kazan Arbat - Bauman Street, on the Kremlin Street, also a very beautiful and ancient Kazan street. Many great scientists worked at the University: Butlerov, Arbuzov, Lobachevsky, who was the first rector of the Kazan Imperial University, and many other great names.

From the moment of its formation by Alexander I in December 1804 until the 1917 revolution, it was called the "Imperial Kazan University". The building of the First Imperial Gymnasium was transformed into a university, and the street was called Pokrovskaya. The building was built in 1789, designed by the architect F. Emelyanov, the customer was the landowner Molostov.The buildings in the courtyard of the university are the work of one architect - Korinfsky M.P. This complex of university buildings was designed when the rector of the university N.I. Lobachevsky in 1832-1838. Lobachevsky is not only a great geometer, but also an excellent rector and builder of the university.After the death of Lenin in 1924, it became known as the KSU named after I.I. IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin.

The main educational buildings of the university are located on the campus in the center of Kazan. The university accepted its first students in February 1805. In 1814, the university had 4 departments of physical and mathematical sciences, medical sciences, verbal sciences and moral and political sciences.

The university is known for the fact that famous scientists studied and worked here: astronomer Simonov, founder of non-Euclidean geometry Lobachevsky, K. Klaus, who discovered ruthenium, Zinin, Butlerov, Gromeka, Bekhterev, Lesgaft, Zavoisky, Altshuler, father and son Arbuzov and many other scientists famous in their fields.

Among the university students were: L.N. Tolstoy, Melnikov-Pechersky, V.I. Ulyanov, A.I. Rykov, M.A. Balakirev, S. Aksakov, V. Khlebnikov, G. Derzhavin, V. Panaev, I. Shishkin and others.

In 1825 the main university building was rebuilt. By 1830, the university had the buildings of a library, an anatomical theater, a chemical laboratory, an astronomical observatory, a clinic, etc. The university became one of the centers of education and science in Russia.

If Russia is destined, as the great Peter foresaw, to transfer the West to Asia and acquaint Europe with the East, then there is no doubt that Kazan is the main caravanserai on the way of European ideas to Asia and the Asian character to Europe. Kazan University understood this. If he had limited his vocation to the dissemination of one European science, his significance would have remained secondary; for a long time he could not catch up not only with German universities, but with ours, for example, Moscow and Derpt; and now he stands beside them, having taken his original place, which belongs to him by his place of birth.

Herzen, Letter from the Province (1836)

Already in the first decades of its existence, it became a major center of education and science. It formed a number of scientific directions and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). The university is especially proud of its outstanding scientific discoveries and achievements: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (N.I. Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium (K.K. Klaus), the creation of the theory of the structure of organic compounds (A.M. Butlerov), the discovery of the electronic paramagnetic resonance (E. K. Zavoisky), the discovery of acoustic paramagnetic resonance (S. A. Altshuler) and many others.

Since its foundation, more than 70 thousand specialists have been trained at the university. Among the university students were outstanding scientists, as well as representatives of culture, public figures: S. T. Aksakov, M. A. Balakirev, P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky, Mikhail Minsky, D.L. Mordovtsev, L. N. Tolstoy, V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin, V. Khlebnikov, N. A. Bush, V. F. Zalesky and others.

Well-known figures of Tatar science and culture collaborated with scientific societies of the university: Kayum Nasyri, Shihabutdin Marjani and others.

Kazan University, its faculties became the basis for the opening and development of more than ten universities in the Volga region. So, in 1930, the medical faculty of KSU was transformed into the Kazan State Medical Institute.

Decree of the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev in 2009, on the basis of the university, the main university of the Volga Federal District - "Privolzhsky Federal University" was created. As a result of the protests of students and teachers related to the renaming of the university, the presidents of Russia and Tatarstan decided to keep the historical name "Kazan University". In 2010, the Chairman of the Government of Russia issued an order to assign the official name to the university - Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University.

Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University is one of eight Russian federal universities. The oldest university in Russia, after Moscow. It is an object of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation.

At present, Kazan Federal University is a multidisciplinary university of the classical type. It trains specialists of different specialties for various fields of activity. It includes 15 faculties. The university includes research institutes, laboratories, two astronomical observatories, a publishing house, and an information technology center. Scientific Library. Lobachevsky has rich funds. Its funds included the collections of Grigory Potemkin and Vasily Polyansky. It contains the most valuable manuscripts, manuscripts and ancient books. It has about five million books and eleven reading rooms. K(P)FU has extensive international connections with more than 40 universities around the world.

I will tell you how to get to Kazan University and what to see on the territory of the university.

Let's figure it out first how to get to Kazan University. You can get there by public transport to the stops "Tukaya Square" or to "University". In general, it is convenient to watch all buses in the 2gis system in Kazan, I advise you.

In general, ask the conductors how you can get to a particular stop, if you are going from your hotel, which is not located in the center, they will be happy to tell you. Below I present you a map of how to get from the stop to the complex of Kazan University, which you can see.

Marked on the map:

Stop "Tukay Square"

Here I present the most convenient, from my point of view, route of walking around the University campus. Here you can see and Anatomical theater of KSU, the Observatory at KSU, faculties of the University and a cozy inner courtyard. I'm very happy that everything kept clean and tidy. So a big request, respect work and cleanliness!
However I warn you right away: tourists are not always allowed into the territory of KSU. There are security guards at the entrance and exit (on T-shirts it is written with the now fashionable word - security), which may require a pass, and in the absence of it - do not let them into the territory.

	Campus map
Marked on the map: Entrance to the courtyard of KSU Exit from the courtyard of KSU Staircase to the courtyard of KSU Observatory at KSU Anatomical theater	1. Main building 2. Second building 3. Physical body 4. Building of the Faculty of Geology 5. Chemical Institute. A. Butlerova 6. Faculty of ZhS 7. NIHI them. A. Butlerova 8. The old building of the library. N. Lobachevsky 9. The new building of the library. N. Lobachevsky	10. CIT Building, Institute of Oriental Studies, Confucius Institute 11. Anatomical theater 12. "Mechanic" 13. "Geometric" 14. Cryogenic laboratory 15. Department of Astronomy 16a. UNICS "cultural" 16b. UNICS "sports" 17 Frying pan 18 Former chapel of the old university clinic

Let's start the excursion to Kazan University from the center, from the Ring. Now it is Vakhitov Square with two hills. On one hill there is a monument to the Tatar revolutionary Mullanur Vakhitov, after whom the square is named, on the other - the Kazan Financial and Economic Institute (KFEI) with the famous staircase covered with legends.

We turn to the Trade Union. The high-rise buildings of the university are visible from many points in the city. In the center of the frame is the physics department building. We pass 100 meters to the intersection -

And here it is, University Street. Onwards and upwards, to the top of the hill, to the heights of knowledge! The university is located on the top of an elongated hill, very similar to a rampart.

Next, a few photos with some comments on the main objects of the courtyard of Kazan University. The patio is very cozy. Clean, beautiful, around large old massive buildings, executed in a mixture of classicism and other styles of architecture. Everywhere is sunny. There are benches for students.

This is a weather station.

Here it is, the courtyard of the university from the eastern gate opposite Lobachevsky Square. Ahead is the department of astronomy.

Sundial

Outbuilding near the gate, where Lobachevsky lived. Behind him is the 2nd building.

One of the laboratories of the Physics Department.

The University has a department of astronomy, which was opened in 1820. And on the territory of the University there is an observatory. Previously, everyone was allowed there, now only university students, unfortunately the entrance is closed to outsiders.

View of the building of the Department of Astronomy from Astronomicheskaya Street.

The old building of the library named after N.I. Lobachevsky from the north side.

Library on the south side.

Anatomical theatre. The Anatomical Theater is a unique monument of Russian classicism of the 19th century.
The building was founded on June 11, 1834. At the moment, the building belongs to the Kazan Medical University (KSMU) and has become more of a museum than what it was before. There are tours for tourists inside the building, so if you are interested, welcome!

Square in front of the anatomical theater. The south side of the library is visible. Lobachevsky laid the foundation for the library with a long-range vision - enough for almost 150 years.

The building of the chemical institute of the university. The entire facade is hung with memorial plaques in honor of scientists belonging to the famous Kazan school of chemists: Klaus, Zinin, Butlerov, Markovnikov, Zaitsev, Flavitsky, father and son Arbuzov.

Western wings of the Main Building facing the courtyard.

Wing, which previously housed the laboratories of the Faculty of Medicine.

Building belonging to the Medical University.

Faculty of Physics, squeezed by the century-old walls of the university!

And, by the way, the complex of Kazan Federal University is located on the elevated part of Kazan, thus. the entire campus of the University stands as if on a hill, from where a panorama of the lower lying streets of Kazan opens. You can even see the Bell Tower of the Epiphany. Usually here, many are photographed, as if leaning on the bell tower.

Exit from the courtyard of the main University in Kazan. Library gate. N. Lobachevsky. Closed now unfortunately. It used to be very convenient - from the old library building we ran straight to the National Library, or to classes ...

It is noteworthy that on the forged gate in the very center (in the photo below you can see) a monogram KIU, which means Kazan Imperial University- this is the name it bears from the very beginning, from the day it was founded in 1804.

National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan. Behind it is another high-rise educational building of KSU.

Monument to Lobachevsky in the park of the same name.

The building of the Faculty of Chemistry.

Faculty of Chemistry KFU expects restructuring

Monument to the physicist E.K. Zavoisky, the discoverer of paramagnetic resonance

In the courtyard of the physics department

Already in the first decades of its existence, it became a major center of education and science. It formed a number of scientific directions and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). The university is especially proud of its outstanding scientific discoveries and achievements: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (N.I. Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium (K.K. Klaus), the creation of the theory of the structure of organic compounds (A.M. Butlerov), the discovery of the electronic paramagnetic resonance (E. K. Zavoisky), the discovery of acoustic paramagnetic resonance (S. A. Altshuler) and many others.

Since its foundation, more than 70 thousand specialists have been trained at the university. Among the university students were outstanding scientists, as well as representatives of culture, public figures: S. T. Aksakov, M. A. Balakirev, P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky, Mikhail Minsky, D.L. Mordovtsev, L. N. Tolstoy, V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin, V. Khlebnikov, N. A. Bush, V. F. Zalesky and others.

Well-known figures of Tatar science and culture collaborated with scientific societies of the university: Kayum Nasyri, Shihabutdin Marjani and others.

Kazan University, its faculties became the basis for the opening and development of more than ten universities in the Volga region. So, in 1930, the medical faculty of KSU was transformed into the Kazan State Medical Institute.

The university educational and scientific complex includes a scientific library, research institutes of chemistry, mathematics and mechanics, 7 museums, a botanical garden, two astronomical observatories, an information technology center, a publishing house, a center and a laboratory for operational printing, a cultural and sports complex, a sports and health camp, etc.

More than 16,000 students study at the university in 40 specialties and 7 directions, 615 graduate students. The teaching staff consists of 1137 people, including 208 professors and doctors of sciences, 585 associate professors and candidates of sciences.

At the opposite end of Kremlevskaya Street, not far from the Kazan Kremlin, is the building of the Faculty of Geology, which I graduated in 1972 with a degree in " geophysical methods of prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits ".

The building of the Faculty of Geology of Kazan State University - the main entrance

From the Faculty of Geology we return to the Main Building of the University

UNICS is a universal concert and sports complex of the university. To the right are the columns of the Main Building from the side of the street. Kremlin, left "frying pan" with a monument to the most famous Kazan student Volodya Ulyanov. The university has a stormy and extraordinary past and a wonderful present!

Across from the Main Building is a place referred to by the students as "the frying pan". Here is a monument to the young V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) - a university student.

View of the Main building of KSU from the south.

Monument to one of the rectors of the university, professor of physics Nuzhin.

Entrance to the main building. Young Vladimir Ulyanov and the equally young and impulsive Levushka Tolstoy studied at the Faculty of Law here (he studied history). Both did not complete their course of study at the university.
View from the "frying pan" (this is how our university calls the area with stone benches around the monument to Volodya Ulyanov - snow quickly melts here and young students and lovers spend hours basking and roasting in the spring sun).

Monument to the great chemist Butlerov. It is at the beginning of the Leninsky garden on Pushkin street, almost at the descent from the 2nd building.

Stairs to the 2nd building and the library from the Leninsky garden

The main building of the library. N. Lobachevsky. Reading rooms and a book depository with pneumatic mail, such a miracle of technology was not even in the National Library. For its time, at the turn of the 70s - 80s, the library was ultra-modern. And even now, having toiled in the National Library, I recall with nostalgia our "reader" ...