The film "Admiral" went with us with a bang! The name of Admiral Kolchak in the media sounded loud and noisy. He is a handsome man, he is a talent, and an innovator, and a hero of wars, and an enviable lover ... Yes, there was a polar explorer admiral, there was an admiral - an innovator in the mine business, but there was also a failed commander of the Black Sea Fleet, an admiral - a punisher in the expanses of Siberia, a shameful hireling The Entente and the puppet in their hands. But the creators of the books, the film and the multi-part television movie are silent about this, as if they don’t know. Why did Kolchak turn from an enemy of the Bolsheviks into almost a hero of Russia?

In the spring of 1917, Vice-Admiral Alexander Kolchak, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, threw off his tsarist-era shoulder straps and put on a new uniform that had just been established by the Russian Provisional Government. But this did not save him from the decision of the Sevastopol Soviet of Deputies to remove him from office. On June 6 of the same year, he was out of work, in July he left for America, from there to Japan.

Kolchak in the service of Britain

There he decided on the issue of admission to the service in the British Navy and in early January 1918 he went to the Mesopotamian front. But already from Singapore he was returned by the Intelligence Department of the British General Staff, he was sent to the exclusion zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The administration of the road was located there, the failed government of autonomous Siberia, the Cossacks of atamans Semyonov and Kalmykov, numerous White Guard officer detachments, who did not obey anyone and did not recognize anyone, fled there.

Kolchak was introduced to the board of the CER, appointed head of the security guards, and his task was to unite the disparate military formations and rush into Russia "occupied" by the Bolsheviks. As before, he sewed on the shoulder straps of the admiral, but he walked in boots, riding breeches and an army-cut jacket.

Nothing worked for Alexander Vasilievich, he did not complete the task. In early July 1918, with his beloved Anna Timiryova, he left for Japan, allegedly for negotiations with the Chief of the Japanese General Staff on joint actions. Kolchak lived in a small town, "corrected his health" in a resort town. But not for long.

Kolchak's life in Siberia

He was found by the English General A. Knox, who headed the Russian Department of the British War Office. Their meeting ended with Kolchak agreeing, with the help of England, to "recreate the Russian army in Siberia." The general happily reported to London: "... there is no doubt that Kolchak is the best Russian for the implementation of our goals in the Far East." Pay attention, reader, not to the goals of the Russian state, not to its people, but to their goals, English ones! Entente!

In mid-September, Kolchak, accompanied by General A. Knox and the French ambassador Regno, arrived in Vladivostok. By that time, Soviet power from the Volga to the Pacific Ocean had been overthrown by the Czechoslovak corps and local White Guard formations.

On October 14, Alexander Kolchak arrived in Omsk, he was immediately introduced into the government of P.V. Vologodsky as a military and naval minister.

On November 8, accompanied by an English battalion under the command of Colonel J. Ward, he went to the front, visited Yekaterinburg, near Ufa. On November 17, Kolchak returned to Omsk, and on the night of November 18, the military overthrew the power of the Directory, while, as the Socialist-Revolutionary D. Rakov wrote in his Parisian memoirs, a terrible orgy broke out on the banks of the Irtysh - the deputies were beaten with rifle butts, stabbed with bayonets, chopped with checkers.

Kolchak supreme ruler of Russia

Alexander Kolchak was proclaimed the Supreme Ruler of Russia and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, on the same day he was awarded the rank of Admiral. For a year and a half, this is the fourth time he changed his uniform!

Having overthrown the Soviet power, the white army unleashed unprecedented terror and mockery of the population. The people did not know the courts.

White dictatorship and obscurantism

The White Guards executed hundreds of people in Barnaul, they shot 50 people in the village of Karabinka, Biysk district, 24 peasants in the village of Shadrino, 13 front-line soldiers in the village of Kornilovo ... , which could turn the victim's body into a piece of broken meat in a few blows.

Lieutenant Goldovich and Ataman Bessmertny, who operated in the Kamensky district, forced their victims to sing their own funeral service before being shot, and girls and women were raped. The obstinate and recalcitrant were buried alive in the ground. Lieutenant Noskovsky was known for being able to kill several people with one shot.

Drunken “their nobles” took the leaders of the first Soviet government M.K. Tsaplin, I.V. Prisyagin, M.K. Their bodies were never found, most likely they were chopped up with checkers and thrown from the railway bridge to the Ob.

The brutal and senseless reprisals against people increased manifold with the coming to power of Kolchak, with the establishment of a military dictatorship by him. Only for the first half of 1919:

• more than 25 thousand people were shot in the Yekaterinburg province,
• in the Yenisei province, on the orders of General S.N. Rozanov, about 10 thousand people were shot,
• 14 thousand people were flogged with whips, 12 thousand peasant farms were burned and plundered.
• in two days - July 31 and August 1, 1919 - over 300 people were shot in the city of Kamen, even earlier - 48 people in the arrest house of the same city.

They created the police, but to establish order over what?

At the beginning of 1919, the government of Admiral Kolchak decided to create special police units in the provinces and regions of Siberia. The companies of the Altai detachment, together with the companies of the Blue Lancers regiment and the 3rd Barnaul regiment, scoured the entire province with punitive functions. They spared neither women nor the elderly, they knew neither pity nor compassion.

Eastern front- operational-strategic association of armed anti-Bolshevik forces in the east of Russia during the Civil War. It existed as a united front from July 1919.

Prehistory of the Eastern Front of the Republic of Armenia

The history of the formation of the Eastern Front dates back to the time of the overthrow Soviet power in the Volga region, in the Urals, in the Steppe region, in Siberia and in the Far East as a result of uprisings of underground Russian officer organizations and simultaneous performances. In the summer of 1918, after the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, they independently acted in this direction. Komuch People's Army and the Siberian Army of the Provisional Siberian Government, the formation of the rebellious Cossacks of the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian, Semirechensky, Transbaikal, Amur, Yenisei, Ussuri Cossack troops, as well as various volunteer detachments.

During the formation of units both in the Volga region and in Siberia, at first, an officer battalion was formed from the officers living in the city, which was then deployed into a unit. However, by the end of the summer of 1918, the voluntary recruitment principle was replaced by the mobilization one. The Russian army often lacked even junior and middle command staff, so officers after mobilization occupied almost exclusively command positions.

Starting from August 15, 1918, the site of hostilities in the Volga region, where the People's Army and a unit operated, was referred to as the "Volga Front" by KOMUCH.

By September 1, 1918, on the Eastern Front of the Whites, there were 15 thousand Chechek fighters (including 5 thousand Czechs) between Kazan and Volsk, in the Perm direction - under the command of Colonel Voitsekhovsky 20 thousand fighters (15 thousand Czechs), on Kama 5 -6 thousand, in the south - 15 thousand Ural and Orenburg Cossacks. A total of 55 thousand fighters (including 20 thousand Czechs). According to other sources, by September 1, the anti-Bolshevik troops had only 46-57.5 thousand fighters (22-26.5 thousand in the Kama direction, 14-16 thousand in the Volga direction and 10-15 thousand in the Ural-Orenburg direction).

Until November 1918, all White Guard formations east of the Volga region were subordinate to the appointed Ufa directory To the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all land and sea forces of Russia, General V. G. Boldyrev. November 18, with the proclamation of who arrived on October 14, 1918 in Omsk and was introduced to the government on November 4 as Minister of War Supreme Ruler of Russia, who took over the supreme command of all the land and sea forces of Russia, a significant reorganization of the troops was carried out. By mid-November 1918, there were 43 thousand whites on the entire Eastern Front. fighters and 4.6 thousand cavalry. In the autumn of 1918, the Red and White fronts in the east fought with varying success. In November 1918, the offensive of the Soviet troops continued to develop successfully on the Eastern Front. By mid-November, Buzuluk, Buguruslan, Belebey and Bugulma were occupied by units of the 1st and 5th Soviet armies. The 2nd Army, in cooperation with the Special Detachment of the 3rd Army and the Volga Flotilla, defeated Izhevsk-Votkinsk rebels(out of 25 thousand, only 5-6 thousand managed to break through the Kama). The 3rd and 4th armies, operating on the flanks, met stubborn resistance from the enemy and made little progress. The Red Army was opposed by white units, which included the Yekaterinburg group of troops of the Provisional Siberian Government, Major General (22 thousand bayonets and sabers), the 2nd Ufa Corps, Lieutenant General S.N. Lupova (about 10 thousand bayonets and sabers), the remnants of the Volga People's Army, united in the Samara group of Major General (16 thousand bayonets and sabers), the troops of the Buzuluk region, Colonel A.S. Bakich (about 5 thousand bayonets and sabers), Ural Cossack units (about 8 thousand bayonets and sabers). The main forces of the Orenburg Cossacks under the command of General A.I. Dutov (over 10 thousand bayonets and sabers) were in the region of Orenburg, Orsk, acting in the direction of Aktyubinsk.

As part of the Russian army of Admiral Kolchak

In December 1918, he carried out a radical reorganization of the military command: for operational management, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Admiral A.V., was formed. On December 24, 1918, the troops of the front were divided into the Siberian, Western and Orenburg separate armies, the Ural separate army was also operationally subordinate to the headquarters. The Siberian and People's armies were abolished. The fronts were called the Western and Southwestern for some time, but with the reorganization (December-January) of the formations of the first of them into the Siberian (commander General R. Gaida) and the Western Army (commander General M. V. Khanzhin) - they, like Yugo -Western (Ural Cossack), were directly subordinate to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and his headquarters (chief General D. A. Lebedev, who replaced S. N. Rozanov).

With the onset of winter in the northern sector of hostilities - the sector of the Yekaterinburg group (later the Siberian army) - on December 24, 1918, the Russian army took Perm, which for the Reds was associated with heavy losses ("Perm catastrophe"). However, in the central and southern sectors, Ufa (December 31, 1918) and Orenburg (January 22, 1919) were taken by the Reds.

By the spring of 1919, the composition of the Eastern Front increased to 400 thousand people (including 130-140 thousand bayonets and sabers at the front; Atamans G. M. Semyonov and I. P. Kalmykov in Transbaikalia had 20 thousand, B. V. Annenkov in Semirechye - more than 10, Baron R.F. Ungern in the Baikal region - up to 10 thousand). people with 17 thousand officers.

In early March 1919, the Eastern Front of the Russian Army launched an offensive to the west and achieved significant operational success. Particularly successful was Gen. M. V. Khanzhin, commander of the Western Army: On March 13, the Whites were in Ufa, and then some other cities were taken; the advanced units of the Russian army reached the approaches to the Volga. At the end of April 1919, in the Western Army and the Southern Group, there were 2486 officers for 45,605 bayonets and sabers, while the ratio of officers and soldiers in the Western Army was many times better than in the Southern Group. The officer corps of the Cossack units was lower than the regular strength and its structure was shifted towards the junior ranks. In general, the proportion of officers did not exceed 5% of all military personnel (in total, 35-40 thousand officers passed through the ranks of the army. The ranks of officers were carried out by the Main Staff of the Russian Army. The commanders of the armies of the Eastern Front of the Russian Army could promote to the ranks up to and including the captain.

At the end of April 1919, a successful counter-offensive of the Red Eastern Front also began. By orders of July 14 and 22, 1919, the Eastern Front of the Whites was divided into three non-separate armies - the 1st under the command of A.N. Pepelyaev, the 2nd (from the former Siberian) under the command of N.A. Lokhvitsky and the 3rd (former Western ) under the command of K. V. Sakharov; the Southern Separate Army of P. A. Belov and the Ural Separate Army, as well as the Steppe Group in the Semipalatinsk region, the troops of Semirechye under the command of General Ionov, and internal anti-partisan fronts were directly subordinate to the Headquarters. The armies of the Eastern Front were divided into corps (in the summer of 1919 they were transformed into groups with a variable number of divisions), divisions (as well as two-regiment brigades) and regiments with a single numbering and names after Siberian and Ural cities. The corps was attached to assault brigades (jaeger battalions), personnel brigades and other units.

By the summer of 1919, the composition of the Eastern Front reached 500 thousand soldiers. By July 1, 1919, the maximum number of both the active army and the military districts did not exceed 19.6 thousand officers and officials and 416.6 thousand soldiers. Directly on the front line in the Siberian, Western and Southern armies, there were 94.5 thousand bayonets, 22.5 thousand sabers, 8.8 thousand unarmed. Composition of equipment: 1.4 thousand machine guns, 325 guns, 3 armored vehicles, approximately 10 armored trains and 15 aircraft.

Soon the leadership of the troops passed to the commander-in-chief - the Minister of War, General. M. K. Diterichs. After conducting major military operations in the Zlatoust region, near Chelyabinsk and on Tobol, in early October 1919, the Headquarters was abolished and the troops were controlled directly through the headquarters of the front commander in chief. The remnants of the Southern Separate Army entered the newly formed Orenburg Army (commander General A. I. Dutov), ​​which retreated to Turkestan.

During the retreat of the Eastern Front in the autumn of 1919 - in the winter of 1920. the remnants of the 2nd and 3rd armies reached Chita. The total number of troops of the 2nd and 3rd armies before the events of the Shcheglovskaya taiga was 100-120 thousand people. and the same number of refugees. After the Russian army left Krasnoyarsk, only about 25 thousand people went east. In the region, there were no more than 5-6 thousand fighters in the army, despite the total number being several times larger than this figure. 26 thousand people crossed Baikal, and about 15 thousand came to Chita.

In Transbaikalia, in mid-February 1920, General Semyonov became Commander-in-Chief and head of government, and the Far Eastern Army was formed from the three corps of troops on the Eastern Front on February 20, 1920, which in November 1920 was relocated to Primorye, where it continued to fight until November 1922.

By November 2, 1922, up to 20,000 people were evacuated by sea from Vladivostok and South Primorye across the Chinese border, including up to 14,000 servicemen. Also, about 10 thousand people from the Southern Army left Transbaikalia in August 1920 and did not get to Primorye or retreated to Xinjiang.

Supreme commanders

Chiefs of Staff of the Supreme Commander

Commanders-in-Chief of the Front

Front Chiefs of Staff

The headquarters (headquarters) of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral A.V. Kolchak

Chief of Staff: D.A. Lebedev (05.-08.1919)

Head of Logistics: General Pavel Petr. Petrov; General Matkovsky

General for assignments: General Staff Lieutenant General (1919) Konstantin Vyach. Sakharov (1881, Murom, Vladimir province - after 1922) (04.1919 - 05.1919), graduated from the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1908), colonel of the Russian Imperial Army, Kornilovite, major general (1918); General Staff Major General Mikhail Aleksan. Foreigners (1872 - 1938), professor at the General Staff Academy (1911-14, 1916-1917).

Chief of the General Staff: General Staff General Zenkevich.

1st Quartermaster General: General Staff Major General A.I. Andogsky (since 0.1919) (d. after 1928), participant in Kolchak's coup (1918), evacuated from Primorye in 1922, sold the library of the General Staff Academy to the Japanese.

2nd Quartermaster General: General Staff Major General Pavel Fedor Ryabikov (03/24/1875 - 1932). Professor of the General Staff Academy. He graduated from the Polotsk Cadet Corps, the Konstantinovsky Artillery School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1st category). Company commander, senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps, chief officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps, assistant clerk of the Main Staff (07/07/1903-07/06/1904), manager of affairs for the educational part of the officer rifle school, chief officer for assignments in management Quartermaster General of the 2nd Manchurian Army, Assistant Art. adjutant of the intelligence department of the department of the quartermaster general of the 2nd Manchurian army (10/19/1904-08/14/1906), assistant clerk of the Main Directorate of the General Staff (08/14/1906-08/01/1910), staff officer, head of training at the Imperial Nikolaev Academy for officers, senior . adjutant of the reconnaissance department of the headquarters of the 2nd Army (11.1914-09.1915), head of the reconnaissance department of the Quartermaster General of the headquarters of the Northern Front (09.1915-02.1916), commander of the 199th Kronstadt Infantry Regiment (02.16.1916-01.1917), assistant of the 2nd Ober- Quartermaster of the Department of the Quartermaster General of the Main Directorate of the General Staff (02.-12.1917), I.d. 2nd Quartermaster General of the GUGSH (12.1917-04.1918). In December 1917, under his leadership, the "Program for the Study of Foreign States" was developed, according to which not only former opponents in the Great War, but also Great Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Japan, China and the USA were subject to the organization and conduct of intelligence. In this regard, a draft reorganization of the intelligence unit was prepared. Since 03.1918 - a full-time teacher of the Military Academy of the General Staff. 08/05/1918 went over to the side of the Whites. He continued teaching at the Military Academy of the General Staff. The largest specialist in the field of theoretical developments in the organization of undercover intelligence in peacetime and wartime. Author of the monograph "Intelligence Service in Peaceful and Wartime" (Tomsk, 1919). He emigrated to China, from there he moved to Paris.

3rd Quartermaster General: Colonel P. Antonovich; Colonel Syromyatnikov.

Chief of Supply: General Staff Lieutenant General Veniamin Veniamin. Rychkov (1870, Tiflis - 08/22/1935, Harbin). He graduated from the Tiflis Cadet Corps (1885), the Alexander Military School (1887) and the Academy of the General Staff. During the Great War, the commander of the XXVII AK. Since 1917, a member of underground anti-Bolshevik organizations. Member of the Yaroslavl uprising. Member of the liberation of Kazan by the troops of the People's Army of Komuch. From the beginning of August 1918, he was the head of the garrison of Kazan and the Kazan province, as well as the head of the formation of units of the People's Army in the Kazan province. From August 19, 1918, the head of the Tyumen military district. Since 1920 he lived in Harbin, the head of the Harbin police on the Chinese Eastern Railway. He headed the Society of General Staff Officers and the Society of Cadet Corps Graduates in Harbin. Comrade of the Chairman of the Alexandrov Society in Harbin. In 1934-35. head of the military department of the Russian fascist party. From January 9, 1935, he was the chairman of the Bureau for Russian Emigrants.

Field inspector of artillery: General Pribylovich.

Cavalry Inspector: Lieutenant General Dutov (from 05/23/19).

Inspector of the strategic reserve: General Khreschatitsky.

Head of the Main Military Censorship Bureau, Colonel N.K. Pavlovsky.

Head of the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Departments: Captain Simonov of the General Staff, former NSH in the Red Army of Berzin (Berzins).

Head of the VOSO Headquarters and Logistics: General Staff Colonel Vasily Nikol. Kasatkin (until 08.1919) (12/20/1885 - 03/31/1963, Shell, France). He graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps (1903), the Nikolaev Engineering School (1906) and the Academy of the General Staff (1911). In the Great War NSh AK. Order of St. George 4th class; General Lebedev 2nd (since 08.1919), arrived from Yekaterinodar.

Head of military transport in the Far East: Major General Georgy Titovich Kiyashchenko (1872, Starodub - 01/19/1940, San Francisco). He graduated from the Chuguev Military School. Since the 1920s in Sag Francisco. Kirrilovets.

Chief Military Prosecutor: Colonel Kuznetsov.

Head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate: Dr. Lobasov.

Head (Director) of the Office of the Supreme Ruler: Major General A.A. Martyanov.

Head of the personal guard of the Supreme Ruler: Captain A.N. Udintsov.

Personal adjutant of the Supreme Ruler: Captain V.V. Knyazev.

Representative in Manchuria: Lieutenant General Dmitry Leonid. Horvat (07/25/1859 - 05/16/1937, Beijing), graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School (1878), the Nikolaev Engineering Academy. Member of the Russian-Turkish war. Head of the Ussuri and Transcaspian Railways (1899 - 1902). From 1902 to 03.1920 he was the manager of the CER. Chairman of the Harbin Committee of the Russian Red Cross. Since 1931, adviser to the government of Manchuria on the CER.

General Shcherbakov, Semirek.

Lieutenant Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, seconded to General A.I. Denikin.

Information Department of the Supreme Ruler of Russia (Osvedverkh)

Chief: Colonel Salnikov.

Platoon non-commissioned officer of the 1st brigade of the Holy Cross Professor Boldyrev.

Read in Wikipedia:

Civil War

KOLCHAK ARMY, the united armed forces of the White movement during the Civil War in Russia 1917-22. They existed as a single military organization in December 1918 - January 1920, but separate armed formations of the Kolchak armies continued to operate on the outskirts of Russia even after the defeat of its main forces (in Semirechye until May 1920, in Transbaikalia until November 1920). They were created by the Supreme Ruler of Russia and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces on the territory of Russia, Admiral A. V. Kolchak, on the basis of various armed formations that existed in the Urals and Siberia at the end of 1918 (the army of the Ufa directory, the troops of the Urals and Siberia, the Cossack troops), which opposed the Soviet armies Eastern Front.

Kolchak armies included: Western (January - July 1919), Siberian (December 1918 - July 1919), Separate Orenburg (December 1918 - May 1919), Southern (May - September 1919), Orenburg (September 1919 - May 1920), Uralskaya, from January Separate Uralskaya (December 1918 - July 1919), Separate Semirechenskaya (late 1919 - May 1920), 1st (July 1919 - January 1920), 2nd (July 1919 - January 1920), 3rd ( July - December 1919) of the army, the Southern Army Group (March - May 1919), a number of separate formations, as well as several military flotillas (see the White Fleet). The maximum number of Kolchak armies reached 400 thousand people (the active army - no more than 130-145 thousand people), 211 guns, 1.3 thousand machine guns, 12 armored cars, 5 armored trains, 15 aircraft. Kolchak's army consisted mainly of peasants from Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region, mostly called up for mobilization. A significant stratum in them was made up of people from the petty-bourgeois strata of society and the intelligentsia, 15-20% were Cossacks (Orenburg, Ural, Siberian, Semirechensk, Transbaikal, Amur, Irkutsk, Yenisei and Ussuri). Kolchak's significant assistance to the armies (weapons, uniforms, ammunition, etc.) was provided by the countries of the Entente, and the command of Kolchak's armies from 16.1.1919 coordinated all their plans with the commander-in-chief of the troops of the allied states in eastern Russia and Western Siberia, the French general M. Janen. Kolchak's armies included foreign formations (Czechoslovaks, Poles, Serbs, etc.), as well as workers - mainly participants in the anti-Bolshevik Izhevsk-Botkin uprising of 1918, who formed special formations in Kolchak's armies that fought against the Red Army under red banners and with the slogan "For Soviets without communists! In Kolchak's armies, there were about 30 thousand officers, including over 10 thousand personnel.

At the beginning of March 1919, Kolchak's armies launched a general offensive against the Soviet Eastern Front, inflicted a number of major defeats on the Red Army and advanced 150-430 km (see Kolchak's offensive of 1919), but they could not complete the tasks assigned to them, and as a result of the counteroffensive of the Eastern Front of 1919, they first were thrown back 350-400 km into the foothills of the Urals, and then retreated beyond the Urals. After defeats in the spring and summer of 1919, Kolchak's armies were reorganized on July 22, 1919: the Siberian army was divided into the 1st and 2nd armies, and the Western army was transformed into the 3rd. Due to military failures, a number of army commanders (Lieutenant General R. Gaida and General of Artillery M.V. Khanzhin), corps commanders and division chiefs, and chiefs of staff were removed from their posts. To improve command and control of troops, the headquarters of the Eastern Front was formed and the post of commander-in-chief of its armies was established [Lieutenant General M.K. Diterikhs (July - November 1919), Lieutenant General K.V. O. Kappel (December 1919 - January 1920), Lieutenant General S. N. Voitsekhovsky (January - February 1920)]. The last attempt of Kolchak's armies to seize the strategic initiative was thwarted by Soviet troops in oncoming battles and defensive battles in September - October 1919 in the Tobol - Ishim interfluve, where they repelled the counteroffensive of Kolchak's armies, and then they themselves went on the offensive and inflicted a crushing defeat on them (see the Eastern Front offensive 1919-20). The actions of the "red" partisans behind Kolchak's armies diverted significant forces from the front and in many ways contributed to Kolchak's defeat. The remnants of Kolchak's armies broke through in Transbaikalia and united with the detachments of ataman G. M. Semyonov. Cut off during the offensive of the Soviet Eastern Front from the main forces of Kolchak's armies, the Southern Army was defeated in August - September 1919 near Orsk and Aktobe. Its remnants, transformed into the Orenburg Army, retreated to Semirechye at the end of 1919, where they joined up with the troops of Ataman B.V. Annenkov.

Lit .: Spirin L. M. The defeat of Kolchak's army. M., 1957; History of the Civil War in the USSR, 1917-1922. M., 1959. T. 4; Civil war in the USSR. M., 1986. T. 2; Key V.

Russian Civil War: White armies. M.; SPb., 2003.

The defeat of Kolchak's armies in the second battle on the Tobol

Trouble. 1919 100 years ago, in October 1919, Kolchak's armies suffered a heavy defeat in the second battle on the Tobol. After the loss of Petropavlovsk and Ishim, the Whites retreated to Omsk.
AIRSHIP OF THE ARMORED TRAIN "RED SIBIRYAK". KURGAN, OCTOBER 1919 From the first days of October, at the Zyryanka station near Kurgan, not far from the river, the 5th aeronautical detachment of the RKKVF settled with a tethered observation balloon of the Parseval brand, which worked together with the Red Sibiryak armored train. Every morning the balloon rose over Tobol, correcting the fire of the guns of the armored train, hitting the White Guard trenches on the eastern bank. From the basket of the balloon, Kolchak's positions were visible at a glance. Naturally, the primary task of the Siberian pilots was the destruction of this malicious "sausage". Several times the Sopvichi of the 10th detachment fired at her with machine guns.

But they did not have incendiary bullets, and the holes from the usual ones were sealed in a matter of minutes. Then they decided to bomb the aeronauts' ground facilities (gas production station, winches, gas tanks and personnel barracks). On October 7, three Sopwiths flew out to bombard the red airfield and the Parseval base. A side mission was reconnaissance. The planes flew at long intervals (about a kilometer) in order to cover the maximum possible territory with observation, but at the same time not lose sight of each other. At the same time, the Soviet "Sopvich" of pilot Baturin and letnab Rukhin was returning from reconnaissance. Above the front line, Baturin saw one of the White Guard airplanes (it was the outermost plane of the pilot ensign Volkovoynov and the pilot captain Yankovsky). Remaining unnoticed, Baturin cautiously approached the enemy from behind and from below and fired a machine-gun burst. The bullets pierced the gas tank, and Volkovoynov was wounded in the arm. Not at a loss, the white pilot banked to enable Yankovsky to return fire from a turret machine gun. But Baturin, noticing two more White Guard airplanes, decided not to risk it. Quickly turning around, he went down to his territory. Subsequently, the red pilot explained his exit from the battle by a lack of fuel. Volkovoynov, flying the plane with one hand, managed to return to the airfield and land safely. The remaining two crews bombed the Red airfield in Zyryanka and the balloon hanging near the ground, but the bombs dropped from a height of 700 meters fell inaccurately and did no harm. Despite the more than modest result of the battle, Baturin received the Order of the Red Banner for him. The White Guards continued to decide how to put an end to Parseval. Bombing from heights above 400 m gave almost no chance of success (recall that the letnabs “threw shells” manually and without a sight), and bombing during the day from lower heights meant exposing oneself to excessive risk. After all, the parking lot of the balloon was securely covered by three anti-aircraft machine guns located at the corners of the triangle, in the center of which the balloon hung. On October 9, a balloon with an armored train arrived at the Lagovushka junction. On the morning of the same day, the White Guard "Sopwith" flew in again and dropped two bombs on the balloon bivouac from a height of 1500 meters, which again fell far from the target. Seeing the futility of such actions, pilot captain Muromtsev and pilot captain Voschillo volunteered to attack the balloon stand under cover of darkness at low level flight. At midnight from October 9 to 10, in the clear light of the moon, their Sopwith, with a muffled engine, “crept up” at a height of just over 20 meters to the air detachment parking lot. Voschillo threw the first incendiary bomb into the light yellow "carcass" of the balloon, clearly visible against the background of the earth. The explosion was heard 46 steps from the balloon. At this time, the changing of the guard was taking place at the balloon. The Red Army soldiers immediately opened fire with machine guns, but Muromtsev decided, for reliability, to make a couple more passes to enable the letnab to dump the remaining ammunition. The second, high-explosive bomb exploded 24 steps from the balloon, and the third, incendiary, did not work. On the third approach, by hurricane fire from the ground, Voschillo was seriously wounded by two bullets in the face and in the arm. Muromtsev was convinced that the balloon had been destroyed, which he reported upon his return. However, the pilot was mistaken: when examining the cylinder, only a few fragmentation holes and cuts were found in it. The next day, all the holes in the shell were sealed and the balloon, pumped up with hydrogen from the gas tank, again rose into the sky. This bold but unsuccessful attack was not cheap for the Whites - the Sopwith returned to the airfield with a dozen shots and a bleeding letnab. Two days after the night raid, an incident occurred that almost ended sadly for the only pilot of the 28th reconnaissance detachment. On the morning of October 11, Baturin, flying on the Sopwith over the parking lot of the aeronautic detachment, for some reason "performed combat evolutions with a decrease over the balloon" (that is, he performed some maneuvers). The personnel of the air detachment, mistaking this for preparation for an attack, fired at him from machine guns from the ground and from the basket of a balloon. Fortunately for the pilot, the fighters soon saw the stars on the wings of the Sopwith and stopped firing. Not a single bullet hit the plane. Upon his return, Baturin explained his mysterious “evolutions” with a desire to demonstrate identification marks.

General situation on the Eastern Front

The September offensive of Kolchak's armies in Siberia did not improve their situation. Kolchak won only space. However, they suffered such losses that they were no longer able to compensate for them in a short time. The 3rd White Army lost a quarter of its strength in the first two weeks of the offensive alone. The ranks of the most combat-ready divisions, which took the brunt of the fighting, like the 4th Ufa and Izhevsk, lost almost half of the composition. The bloodless Kolchak units barely reached the Tobol line. The Siberian Cossack corps of Ivanov-Rinov proved to be much worse than hoped. The Cossacks were self-willed, preferred to act in their own interests, and not in the general. All reserves were completely depleted. At the end of September 1919, the last reserve was sent to the front - only 1.5 thousand people. An attempt to send the Czechoslovaks to the front failed due to their complete decomposition and unwillingness to fight. The situation in the rear was terrible. The Kolchak government controlled only the cities and the Siberian Railway (the Czechs held the railroad). The village was ruled by rebels and partisans.

It was not possible to strike a decisive blow at the Red Army and gain time. The 3rd and 5th Red armies entrenched themselves on the line of Tobol and very quickly recovered from the first unsuccessful attack on Petropavlovsk. The Red Command, party and Soviet organizations carried out new mobilizations in the Ural cities. The military commissariats sent thousands of new reinforcements to the divisions. Only the Chelyabinsk province provided 24,000 men for the 5th Army in two weeks of September. The 3rd Army received 20,000 men in mid-October. Also, the mobilization of peasants and workers was carried out in the front-line areas. New regiments, brigades and divisions were formed in the rear of the Red Eastern Front. The armies of the front received one rifle and one cavalry division, 7 fortress regiments.
By mid-October 1919, the strength of the Red Eastern Front was doubled. The Red Army received the missing weapons and uniforms. True, there was a shortage of ammunition. The Soviet units rested, recovered and were ready for new battles. The number of the 5th Army increased to 37 thousand bayonets and sabers, with 135 guns, 575 and machine guns, 2 armored trains ("Red Siberian" and "Avenger"), 4 armored cars and 8 airplanes. Tukhachevsky's army occupied a front 200 km from Lake Kara-Kamysh to Belozerskaya (40 km north of Kurgan). The 3rd Army operating to the north consisted of 31.5 thousand bayonets and cavalry, 103 guns, 575 machine guns, an armored train, 3 armored vehicles and 11 aircraft. Army Mikhail Stepanovich Matiyasevich occupied the front from Belozerskaya to Bachalin with a length of about 240 km.

The Reds had an advantage in manpower, weapons and reserves. In the reserve regiments of the two armies, the fortress areas of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Troitsk, there were 12 thousand people.

The 5th Red Army was opposed by the 3rd White Army, the Steppe Group and the remnants of the Orenburg Army - a total of about 32 thousand bayonets and sabers, 150 guns, 370 machine guns, 2 armored trains ("Zabiyaka" and "Tagil"). These troops were consolidated into the "Moscow Army Group" under the command of General Konstantin Vyacheslavovich Sakharov(in the hope of taking Moscow by Denikin's army).

The 2nd and 1st White armies acted against the 3rd Red Army, in total about 29 thousand bayonets and cavalry. In the front reserve, the Kolchak command had only about 3-4 thousand people. Kolchak had an advantage only in cavalry.

Thus, the 3rd and 5th armies were very quickly restored to full combat capability. Taking advantage of the fact that the Kurgan with crossings over the Tobol and the railway line remained in the hands of the Reds, marching reinforcements continuously went to the front, new units were brought up. The Red Army soldiers had an advantage in the number and quality of troops, their morale was high. The Whites were demoralized, despite their latest success on the Tobol. They had to fight on two fronts: against the Red Army and the rebels. To all this was added insufficient supply of the army with uniforms and ammunition. The uniform received in August - September 1919 from abroad was used, or it was plundered in the rear, and the new one has not yet arrived. Therefore, it turned out that the Kolchakites had weapons and ammunition in October, but they were in great need of overcoats and shoes. Meanwhile, a period of cold rains had come, winter was approaching. This further undermined the spirit of Kolchak.
The white command no longer had reserves, the latter were absorbed by the offensive. True, whites here and there tried to form various volunteer formations, "teams", to restore the volunteer principle. However, the number of such units, as their combat capability, was negligible. So the "teams" of the Old Believers did not reach the front - some fled along the road, the other white command did not dare to send to the front line, leaving them in the rear. Often these were the machinations of individual adventurers who, in troubled times, "caught fish", that is, "mastered" money and property.
Even before the start of the new offensive of the Red Army in the Omsk direction, the Whites lost their base in Southern Siberia. Most of the Orenburg army of Dutov in September 1919 was defeated by the troops of the red Turkestan front under the command of Frunze near Aktobe. The White Cossacks capitulated, others either dispersed or retreated with Ataman Dutov to the Kokchetav-Akmolinsk region, then to Semirechye.

In the same period, England and France, realizing the futility of the Kolchak regime, refused to support Omsk. They saw that the Kolchak government had exhausted itself. England and France are stepping up their aid to Poland, seeing in it a full-fledged force opposing Soviet Russia. The United States and Japan continued to provide assistance to Kolchak in order to maintain positions in Siberia and the Far East. So in October, 50 thousand rifles were sent from the Far East to Kolchak's headquarters. Negotiations were also underway on the supply of tanks. In addition, negotiations were held in Omsk with the Japanese. Kolchak hoped that Japanese divisions would be sent to the front. The Japanese promised to strengthen their military contingent in Russia.

The second battle on the Tobol

Although the situation of the Kolchak armies was deplorable, the Kolchak command still hoped to continue the offensive. However, the Reds were ahead of the enemy. The 5th Army dealt the main blow in the Petropavlovsk direction. For this purpose, a strike group consisting of three divisions was formed on the right flank. In the south, this offensive was supported by the strike of the 35th Infantry Division on the Zverinogolovskiy tract. On the left flank of the army, the 27th division struck. That is, it was planned to take the main forces of the enemy into pincers and destroy them. To demoralize the rear of the enemy and develop an offensive, it was planned to introduce a cavalry division (more than 2.5 thousand sabers) into the breakthrough. A few days later, the 3rd Army was to begin moving in the Ishim direction.
At dawn on October 14, 1919, units of the 5th Army began to cross the river. Tobol. At first, the Kolchakites offered stubborn resistance. In some places, the Whites even repulsed the first attacks and pushed the Soviet troops back to the right bank of the Tobol. The whites put up especially fierce resistance on the railroad line and north of it. Two armored trains and most of the artillery were located here. However, already on the first day of the offensive, Tukhachevsky's army crossed the river and occupied a significant bridgehead. The White command tried to stop the enemy's offensive, threw the best parts into battle. The counterattack was delivered by the Izhevsk division, which was considered the best in Kolchak's army, it was supported by the 11th Ural division, and most of the army artillery. But the counterattack was repulsed, the Izhevsk division even got surrounded and only at the cost of heavy losses broke through to the east. On October 18, the whites organized another counterattack, but it was also repulsed.
Thus, the 5th Army again managed to successfully force the river. Tobol, striking with his right flank in the coverage of the messages of the white troops from the south. The White Command tried in vain to stop the enveloping advance of the right flank of the 5th Army (35th and 5th Rifle Divisions), trying to regroup towards its left flank and line up the front to the south. However, this regrouping was late, and the Whites were forced to hastily retreat across the river. Ishim.
On October 19 - 20, 1919, the 3rd Red Army went on the offensive. Its right-flank 30th division advanced on Ishim and helped the troops of the 5th army to break the resistance of the northern flank of the 3rd white army. The White Front was broken through, and the Kolchakites retreated everywhere. In some places, the withdrawal turned into a flight, the Soviet divisions quickly moved east. Entire units of the enemy surrendered or went over to the side of the Reds. So the regiment of Carpathian Rusyns went over to the side of the Reds. Kolchak's army was falling apart. The mobilized soldiers fled to their homes, surrendered, went over to the side of the Reds. Part of the troops mowed out typhus. The Cossacks, without engaging in battle, dispersed through the villages. For two weeks of the offensive, the Red Army advanced 250 km. On October 22, the Reds took Tobolsk.

Liberation of Petropavlovsk

The commander-in-chief of the white army, General Dieterikhs, not seeing the possibility of saving the capital, on October 24 ordered the evacuation of Omsk. On November 4, he was dismissed, General Sakharov was appointed in his place. Having suffered a defeat between Tobol and Ishim, the white command withdrew the remnants of the troops beyond the river. Ishim, hoping to create a new defensive line here and try to stop the enemy advance. The regiments of the 1st Army were sent to the rear, to the Novonikolaevsk-Tomsk region, for restoration and replenishment.
At the end of October 1919, the advanced units of the Soviet armies reached the Ishim River. It was necessary on the move, before the enemy came to his senses, to cross the river and liberate the cities of Petropavlovsk and Ishim. Three regiments of the 35th Infantry Division were the first to reach Petropavlovsk. On the evening of October 29, the Reds approached the bridge over the Ishim. The Whites set fire to the bridge, but the Red Army men were able to put it out. They quickly crossed the river and threw back the enemy barrier to the city. On the morning of October 30, all three Soviet regiments were in Petropavlovsk. But the Kolchakites kept part of the city behind them. Pulling up the troops, the Whites launched a counterattack. Kolchak organized 14 attacks, but were repulsed. The next day, the whites again tried to drive the enemy out of the city, but without success. On November 1, when new Soviet units arrived in time to help, the Reds resumed their offensive and completely liberated Petropavlovsk. Significant trophies were captured in the city.
On November 4, units of the 5th Army liberated Ishim. After the fall of Petropavlovsk and Ishim, Kolchak began a hasty retreat to Omsk. Part of the Kolchak troops on the southern flank, led by Dutov, went south, to the Kokchetav region. The battle of Tobolsk-Peter and Paul was the last stage of the organized and serious resistance of the Kolchak army. The White Guards were defeated and suffered heavy losses. Only the 3rd White Army lost from October 14 to October 31 about 13 thousand killed, wounded and captured, thousands of soldiers and Cossacks fled to their homes.
The successful offensive of the Red armies of the Eastern Front was of great importance for the overall strategic situation. It began at the decisive moment of the battle on the Southern Front, when Denikin's army was on the outskirts of Tula. Successes in the east of the country allowed the Soviet high command in November to withdraw part of the forces from the Eastern Front and send them to the south for the final defeat of the White armies in the South of Russia.
The Soviet troops continued their offensive without a pause. In the main direction, along the Petropavlovsk-Omsk railway, three divisions of the 5th Army were moving. To pursue the Dutov group on the southern flank, a special group of troops was allocated as part of the 54th Infantry Division and the Cavalry Division. She launched an offensive against Kokchetav. The 30th Rifle Division of the 3rd Army was advancing along the Ishim-Omsk railway line. In the valley of the Irtysh River, upstream, the 51st Division was advancing on Omsk. The 5th and 29th rifle divisions were withdrawn to the front reserve.

Eastern front- operational-strategic association of armed anti-Bolshevik forces in the east of Russia during the Civil War. It existed as a united front from July 1919.

Prehistory of the Eastern Front of the Republic of Armenia

The history of the formation of the Eastern Front dates back to the time of the overthrow Soviet power in the Volga region, in the Urals, in the Steppe region, in Siberia and in the Far East as a result of uprisings of underground Russian officer organizations and simultaneous performances. In the summer of 1918, after the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps, they independently acted in this direction. Komuch People's Army and the Siberian Army of the Provisional Siberian Government, the formation of the rebellious Cossacks of the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian, Semirechensky, Transbaikal, Amur, Yenisei, Ussuri Cossack troops, as well as various volunteer detachments.

During the formation of units both in the Volga region and in Siberia, at first, an officer battalion was formed from the officers living in the city, which was then deployed into a unit. However, by the end of the summer of 1918, the voluntary recruitment principle was replaced by the mobilization one. The Russian army often lacked even junior and middle command staff, so officers after mobilization occupied almost exclusively command positions.

Starting from August 15, 1918, the site of hostilities in the Volga region, where the People's Army and a unit operated, was referred to as the "Volga Front" by KOMUCH.

By September 1, 1918, on the Eastern Front of the Whites, there were 15 thousand Chechek fighters (including 5 thousand Czechs) between Kazan and Volsk, in the Perm direction - under the command of Colonel Voitsekhovsky 20 thousand fighters (15 thousand Czechs), on Kama 5 -6 thousand, in the south - 15 thousand Ural and Orenburg Cossacks. A total of 55 thousand fighters (including 20 thousand Czechs). According to other sources, by September 1, the anti-Bolshevik troops had only 46-57.5 thousand fighters (22-26.5 thousand in the Kama direction, 14-16 thousand in the Volga direction and 10-15 thousand in the Ural-Orenburg direction).

Until November 1918, all White Guard formations east of the Volga region were subordinate to the appointed Ufa directory To the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all land and sea forces of Russia, General V. G. Boldyrev. November 18, with the proclamation of who arrived on October 14, 1918 in Omsk and was introduced to the government on November 4 as Minister of War Supreme Ruler of Russia, who took over the supreme command of all the land and sea forces of Russia, a significant reorganization of the troops was carried out. By mid-November 1918, there were 43 thousand whites on the entire Eastern Front. fighters and 4.6 thousand cavalry. In the autumn of 1918, the Red and White fronts in the east fought with varying success. In November 1918, the offensive of the Soviet troops continued to develop successfully on the Eastern Front. By mid-November, Buzuluk, Buguruslan, Belebey and Bugulma were occupied by units of the 1st and 5th Soviet armies. The 2nd Army, in cooperation with the Special Detachment of the 3rd Army and the Volga Flotilla, defeated Izhevsk-Votkinsk rebels(out of 25 thousand, only 5-6 thousand managed to break through the Kama). The 3rd and 4th armies, operating on the flanks, met stubborn resistance from the enemy and made little progress. The Red Army was opposed by white units, which included the Yekaterinburg group of troops of the Provisional Siberian Government, Major General (22 thousand bayonets and sabers), the 2nd Ufa Corps, Lieutenant General S.N. Lupova (about 10 thousand bayonets and sabers), the remnants of the Volga People's Army, united in the Samara group of Major General (16 thousand bayonets and sabers), the troops of the Buzuluk region, Colonel A.S. Bakich (about 5 thousand bayonets and sabers), Ural Cossack units (about 8 thousand bayonets and sabers). The main forces of the Orenburg Cossacks under the command of General A.I. Dutov (over 10 thousand bayonets and sabers) were in the region of Orenburg, Orsk, acting in the direction of Aktyubinsk.

As part of the Russian army of Admiral Kolchak

In December 1918, he carried out a radical reorganization of the military command: for operational management, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Admiral A.V., was formed. On December 24, 1918, the troops of the front were divided into the Siberian, Western and Orenburg separate armies, the Ural separate army was also operationally subordinate to the headquarters. The Siberian and People's armies were abolished. The fronts were called the Western and Southwestern for some time, but with the reorganization (December-January) of the formations of the first of them into the Siberian (commander General R. Gaida) and the Western Army (commander General M. V. Khanzhin) - they, like Yugo -Western (Ural Cossack), were directly subordinate to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and his headquarters (chief General D. A. Lebedev, who replaced S. N. Rozanov).

With the onset of winter in the northern sector of hostilities - the sector of the Yekaterinburg group (later the Siberian army) - on December 24, 1918, the Russian army took Perm, which for the Reds was associated with heavy losses ("Perm catastrophe"). However, in the central and southern sectors, Ufa (December 31, 1918) and Orenburg (January 22, 1919) were taken by the Reds.

By the spring of 1919, the composition of the Eastern Front increased to 400 thousand people (including 130-140 thousand bayonets and sabers at the front; Atamans G. M. Semyonov and I. P. Kalmykov in Transbaikalia had 20 thousand, B. V. Annenkov in Semirechye - more than 10, Baron R.F. Ungern in the Baikal region - up to 10 thousand). people with 17 thousand officers.

In early March 1919, the Eastern Front of the Russian Army launched an offensive to the west and achieved significant operational success. Particularly successful was Gen. M. V. Khanzhin, commander of the Western Army: On March 13, the Whites were in Ufa, and then some other cities were taken; the advanced units of the Russian army reached the approaches to the Volga. At the end of April 1919, in the Western Army and the Southern Group, there were 2486 officers for 45,605 bayonets and sabers, while the ratio of officers and soldiers in the Western Army was many times better than in the Southern Group. The officer corps of the Cossack units was lower than the regular strength and its structure was shifted towards the junior ranks. In general, the proportion of officers did not exceed 5% of all military personnel (in total, 35-40 thousand officers passed through the ranks of the army. The ranks of officers were carried out by the Main Staff of the Russian Army. The commanders of the armies of the Eastern Front of the Russian Army could promote to the ranks up to and including the captain.

At the end of April 1919, a successful counter-offensive of the Red Eastern Front also began. By orders of July 14 and 22, 1919, the Eastern Front of the Whites was divided into three non-separate armies - the 1st under the command of A.N. Pepelyaev, the 2nd (from the former Siberian) under the command of N.A. Lokhvitsky and the 3rd (former Western ) under the command of K. V. Sakharov; the Southern Separate Army of P. A. Belov and the Ural Separate Army, as well as the Steppe Group in the Semipalatinsk region, the troops of Semirechye under the command of General Ionov, and internal anti-partisan fronts were directly subordinate to the Headquarters. The armies of the Eastern Front were divided into corps (in the summer of 1919 they were transformed into groups with a variable number of divisions), divisions (as well as two-regiment brigades) and regiments with a single numbering and names after Siberian and Ural cities. The corps was attached to assault brigades (jaeger battalions), personnel brigades and other units.

By the summer of 1919, the composition of the Eastern Front reached 500 thousand soldiers. By July 1, 1919, the maximum number of both the active army and the military districts did not exceed 19.6 thousand officers and officials and 416.6 thousand soldiers. Directly on the front line in the Siberian, Western and Southern armies, there were 94.5 thousand bayonets, 22.5 thousand sabers, 8.8 thousand unarmed. Composition of equipment: 1.4 thousand machine guns, 325 guns, 3 armored vehicles, approximately 10 armored trains and 15 aircraft.

Soon the leadership of the troops passed to the commander-in-chief - the Minister of War, General. M. K. Diterichs. After conducting major military operations in the Zlatoust region, near Chelyabinsk and on Tobol, in early October 1919, the Headquarters was abolished and the troops were controlled directly through the headquarters of the front commander in chief. The remnants of the Southern Separate Army entered the newly formed Orenburg Army (commander General A. I. Dutov), ​​which retreated to Turkestan.

During the retreat of the Eastern Front in the autumn of 1919 - in the winter of 1920. the remnants of the 2nd and 3rd armies reached Chita. The total number of troops of the 2nd and 3rd armies before the events of the Shcheglovskaya taiga was 100-120 thousand people. and the same number of refugees. After the Russian army left Krasnoyarsk, only about 25 thousand people went east. In the region, there were no more than 5-6 thousand fighters in the army, despite the total number being several times larger than this figure. 26 thousand people crossed Baikal, and about 15 thousand came to Chita.

In Transbaikalia, in mid-February 1920, General Semyonov became Commander-in-Chief and head of government, and the Far Eastern Army was formed from the three corps of troops on the Eastern Front on February 20, 1920, which in November 1920 was relocated to Primorye, where it continued to fight until November 1922.

By November 2, 1922, up to 20,000 people were evacuated by sea from Vladivostok and South Primorye across the Chinese border, including up to 14,000 servicemen. Also, about 10 thousand people from the Southern Army left Transbaikalia in August 1920 and did not get to Primorye or retreated to Xinjiang.

Supreme commanders

Chiefs of Staff of the Supreme Commander

Commanders-in-Chief of the Front

Front Chiefs of Staff

The headquarters (headquarters) of the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral A.V. Kolchak

Chief of Staff: D.A. Lebedev (05.-08.1919)

Head of Logistics: General Pavel Petr. Petrov; General Matkovsky

General for assignments: General Staff Lieutenant General (1919) Konstantin Vyach. Sakharov (1881, Murom, Vladimir province - after 1922) (04.1919 - 05.1919), graduated from the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1908), colonel of the Russian Imperial Army, Kornilovite, major general (1918); General Staff Major General Mikhail Aleksan. Foreigners (1872 - 1938), professor at the General Staff Academy (1911-14, 1916-1917).

Chief of the General Staff: General Staff General Zenkevich.

1st Quartermaster General: General Staff Major General A.I. Andogsky (since 0.1919) (d. after 1928), participant in Kolchak's coup (1918), evacuated from Primorye in 1922, sold the library of the General Staff Academy to the Japanese.

2nd Quartermaster General: General Staff Major General Pavel Fedor Ryabikov (03/24/1875 - 1932). Professor of the General Staff Academy. He graduated from the Polotsk Cadet Corps, the Konstantinovsky Artillery School and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff (1st category). Company commander, senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps, chief officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps, assistant clerk of the Main Staff (07/07/1903-07/06/1904), manager of affairs for the educational part of the officer rifle school, chief officer for assignments in management Quartermaster General of the 2nd Manchurian Army, Assistant Art. adjutant of the intelligence department of the department of the quartermaster general of the 2nd Manchurian army (10/19/1904-08/14/1906), assistant clerk of the Main Directorate of the General Staff (08/14/1906-08/01/1910), staff officer, head of training at the Imperial Nikolaev Academy for officers, senior . adjutant of the reconnaissance department of the headquarters of the 2nd Army (11.1914-09.1915), head of the reconnaissance department of the Quartermaster General of the headquarters of the Northern Front (09.1915-02.1916), commander of the 199th Kronstadt Infantry Regiment (02.16.1916-01.1917), assistant of the 2nd Ober- Quartermaster of the Department of the Quartermaster General of the Main Directorate of the General Staff (02.-12.1917), I.d. 2nd Quartermaster General of the GUGSH (12.1917-04.1918). In December 1917, under his leadership, the "Program for the Study of Foreign States" was developed, according to which not only former opponents in the Great War, but also Great Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Japan, China and the USA were subject to the organization and conduct of intelligence. In this regard, a draft reorganization of the intelligence unit was prepared. Since 03.1918 - a full-time teacher of the Military Academy of the General Staff. 08/05/1918 went over to the side of the Whites. He continued teaching at the Military Academy of the General Staff. The largest specialist in the field of theoretical developments in the organization of undercover intelligence in peacetime and wartime. Author of the monograph "Intelligence Service in Peaceful and Wartime" (Tomsk, 1919). He emigrated to China, from there he moved to Paris.

3rd Quartermaster General: Colonel P. Antonovich; Colonel Syromyatnikov.

Chief of Supply: General Staff Lieutenant General Veniamin Veniamin. Rychkov (1870, Tiflis - 08/22/1935, Harbin). He graduated from the Tiflis Cadet Corps (1885), the Alexander Military School (1887) and the Academy of the General Staff. During the Great War, the commander of the XXVII AK. Since 1917, a member of underground anti-Bolshevik organizations. Member of the Yaroslavl uprising. Member of the liberation of Kazan by the troops of the People's Army of Komuch. From the beginning of August 1918, he was the head of the garrison of Kazan and the Kazan province, as well as the head of the formation of units of the People's Army in the Kazan province. From August 19, 1918, the head of the Tyumen military district. Since 1920 he lived in Harbin, the head of the Harbin police on the Chinese Eastern Railway. He headed the Society of General Staff Officers and the Society of Cadet Corps Graduates in Harbin. Comrade of the Chairman of the Alexandrov Society in Harbin. In 1934-35. head of the military department of the Russian fascist party. From January 9, 1935, he was the chairman of the Bureau for Russian Emigrants.

Field inspector of artillery: General Pribylovich.

Cavalry Inspector: Lieutenant General Dutov (from 05/23/19).

Inspector of the strategic reserve: General Khreschatitsky.

Head of the Main Military Censorship Bureau, Colonel N.K. Pavlovsky.

Head of the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Departments: Captain Simonov of the General Staff, former NSH in the Red Army of Berzin (Berzins).

Head of the VOSO Headquarters and Logistics: General Staff Colonel Vasily Nikol. Kasatkin (until 08.1919) (12/20/1885 - 03/31/1963, Shell, France). He graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps (1903), the Nikolaev Engineering School (1906) and the Academy of the General Staff (1911). In the Great War NSh AK. Order of St. George 4th class; General Lebedev 2nd (since 08.1919), arrived from Yekaterinodar.

Head of military transport in the Far East: Major General Georgy Titovich Kiyashchenko (1872, Starodub - 01/19/1940, San Francisco). He graduated from the Chuguev Military School. Since the 1920s in Sag Francisco. Kirrilovets.

Chief Military Prosecutor: Colonel Kuznetsov.

Head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate: Dr. Lobasov.

Head (Director) of the Office of the Supreme Ruler: Major General A.A. Martyanov.

Head of the personal guard of the Supreme Ruler: Captain A.N. Udintsov.

Personal adjutant of the Supreme Ruler: Captain V.V. Knyazev.

Representative in Manchuria: Lieutenant General Dmitry Leonid. Horvat (07/25/1859 - 05/16/1937, Beijing), graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School (1878), the Nikolaev Engineering Academy. Member of the Russian-Turkish war. Head of the Ussuri and Transcaspian Railways (1899 - 1902). From 1902 to 03.1920 he was the manager of the CER. Chairman of the Harbin Committee of the Russian Red Cross. Since 1931, adviser to the government of Manchuria on the CER.

General Shcherbakov, Semirek.

Lieutenant Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, seconded to General A.I. Denikin.

Information Department of the Supreme Ruler of Russia (Osvedverkh)

Chief: Colonel Salnikov.

Platoon non-commissioned officer of the 1st brigade of the Holy Cross Professor Boldyrev.

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Civil War